Category: 518-67-2

Dougherty, G. published the artcileA comparison of the base-pair specificities of three phenanthridine drugs using solution spectroscopy, Safety of Dimidium bromide, the publication is International Journal of Biochemistry (1982), 14(6), 493-504, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

Absorption spectra of ethidium  [1239-45-8], dimidium  [518-67-2], and prothidium bromides  [14222-46-9] bound to natural DNAs of differing G-C content were obtained using a novel mixing scheme and analyzed according to the excluded site binding model. Ethidium bromide showed a strong G-C specificity at low binding ratios, especially at low ionic concentration Dimidium bromide showed a less strong G-C specificity. For both drugs, the binding site size reflected a situation close to nearest-neighbor exclusion. Prothidium bromide showed no specificity in its binding. The binding modes were different than for the other 2 phenanthridines, suggesting that the primary mode is sideways intercalation.

International Journal of Biochemistry published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C20H18BrN3, Safety of Dimidium bromide.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Beveridge, Elizabeth published the artcileActivity of phenanthridine compounds against Babesia rodhaini in mice, Recommanded Product: Dimidium bromide, the publication is Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (1956), 85-91, database is CAplus.

A series of phenanthridine compounds previously reported to have trypanocidal activity (C.A. 44, 8545e) was tested against B. rodhaini in mice. General requirements for babesicidal activity are the same as for trypanocidal activity. For high potency against B. rodhaini there must be: (1) a 10-quaternary group; (2) at least one free amino or easily hydrolyzed acylamino group in the 2, 3, 6, or 7 position of the phenanthrene nucleus; (3) an alkyl, phenyl, or p-aminophenyl group in position 9. Urethan derivatives have little activity; and acylation of amino groups does not greatly diminish babesicidal potency, in contrast to the effect on trypanocidal action.

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C20H18BrN3, Recommanded Product: Dimidium bromide.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Buschmann, N. published the artcileDoes the two-phase titration of surfactants require a mutagenic indicator?, Recommanded Product: Dimidium bromide, the publication is Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (1995), 72(10), 1243, database is CAplus.

Appropriate safety precautions are recommended when using the indicator mixture of dimidium bromide and disulphine blue, as dimidium bromide is chem. similar to ethidium bromide which is a known mutagen. When titrating anionic surfactants, dimidium bromide is found in the aqueous phase at the end of the titration; the dye should be removed by adsorption on activated charcoal which must be disposed of according to regulatory guidelines.

Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C20H18BrN3, Recommanded Product: Dimidium bromide.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Buschmann, N. published the artcileIndicator for the two-phase titration of ionic surfactants is possibly mutagenic, Product Details of C20H18BrN3, the publication is Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse (1995), 72(11), 513, database is CAplus.

For the two-phase titration of anionic or cationic surfactants, the most frequently used indicator is a mixed indicator system consisting of dimidium bromide and Disulphine Blue. Recently, we noticed a similarity between ethidium bromide and dimidium bromide (I). Ethidium bromide is well known as a strong mutagenic and cancerogenic agent, reacting with DNA either by intercalation or external binding. The literature shows that I reacts with DNA in a similar way. When mixing aqueous solutions of DNA and I a change in the color of the solution can be observed, as well as a strong enhancement in the fluorescence intensity. Both the literature and the exptl. findings make it very likely that I shows mutagenic and cancerogenic properties that are similar to those of ethidium bromide. This estimation is shared by the USA National Cancer Institute. Up to now, only little is known about the ways of incorporation for both dyes. Ethidium bromide shows mutagenic and cancerogenic properties when coming in contact with the mucous membrane. The author has no information whether I will be incorporated if an aqueous solution is in contact with the intact epidermis. That would be the most probable way of incorporation when carrying out a two phase titration For that reason, the appropriate safety precautions should be taken when working with I: protection gloves and goggles and addnl., when working with the solid substance, dust mask. When titrating anionic surfactants, I will be found in the aqueous phase at the end of the titration The dye should be removed from the solution by adsorption on activated charcoal or on a polymeric resin like Amberlite XAD-16. After our experience an amount of 10 g activated charcoal is sufficient for the removal of I from one liter of the aqueous phase.

Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C20H18BrN3, Product Details of C20H18BrN3.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Braun, Aleksander published the artcileQuantitative determination of anionic surfactants by two-phase titration, Category: bromides-buliding-blocks, the publication is Barwniki – Srodki Pomocnicze (1979), 23(1), 16-20, database is CAplus.

The mixed indicators Disulphine Blue VN 150 [129-17-9] and 3,8-diamino-6-phenylphenanthridine methobromide [518-67-2] gave statistically more reliable results in the determination of Na alkylarenesulfonates by acidimetric titration than only 1 indicator, e.g. cetylpyridinium bromide. The historical development of 1- and 2-indicator procedures for surfactant determinations is described. A statistical comparison of the 2 methods is given.

Barwniki – Srodki Pomocnicze published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C20H18BrN3, Category: bromides-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Hawkins, Shirley E. published the artcileNuclear transplantation studies of the action of dimidium bromide on ameba, Product Details of C20H18BrN3, the publication is Nature (London, United Kingdom) (1969), 222(5188), 86-7, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

During treatment of amebas with 2.5 μg. dimidium bromide (2,7-diamino-9-phenyl-10-methylphenanthridinium bromide) (I)/mL. for 10 days, Amoeba proteus and A. discoides divided 2 and 3 times, resp., after which division ceased until death ∼20 days later. The cytoplasm of either ameba which had been exposed to I was unable to recover on receiving a homologous untreated nucleus. In contrast, an apparently I-inhibited nucleus was able to initiate division upon transplantation into homologous, untreated cytoplasm. Thus, ∼60% of the nuclei from I-treated A. discoides and 75% of those from I-treated A. proteus were able to form clones. Such clone cells derived from A. proteus responded normally (2 divisions) upon subsequent exposure to 2.5 μg. I/mL. Therefore, the target of the lethal effect of dimidium bromide in amebas seemed to be cytoplasmic rather than nuclear.

Nature (London, United Kingdom) published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C20H18BrN3, Product Details of C20H18BrN3.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Hawkins, Shirley E. published the artcileCytoplasmic DNA-containing bodies and the response of amebas to dimidium bromide, Application of Dimidium bromide, the publication is Journal of Cell Science (1969), 5(1), 57-63, database is CAplus and MEDLINE.

The growth of Amoeba proteus (TlP) and A. discoides (TlD) in the try panocide dimidium bromide was examined At concentrations of drug between 2 and 4 μg/ml, A. proteus divided twice before inhibition and death. A. discoides was able to undergo an addnl. cycle of division before death. At other concentrations there were no differences in their response. Examination of a clone derived from the microinjection of small quantities of a. discoides cytoplasm into A. proteus revealed that the ability to divide addnl. in dimidium bromide could be transferred. Some other strains of A. proteus (DP, T4P) also resembled A. discoides in their response. All strains able to undergo an addnl. division cycle also possessed cytoplasmic DNA-containing bodies as determined by fluorescence microscopy. The difference in response to dimidium bromide observed in the 2 organisms may be associated with the presence of DNA-containing bodies in the cytoplasm of A. discoides (TlD).

Journal of Cell Science published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C20H18BrN3, Application of Dimidium bromide.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Walls, L. P. published the artcilePotential trypanocides of the N-heterocyclic series. II. Analogs of dimidium bromide, Safety of Dimidium bromide, the publication is Journal of the Chemical Society (1950), 41-7, database is CAplus.

cf. C.A. 42, 4585a. The following phenanthridines were prepared for a study of the correlation of structure with trypanocidal activity. Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride (26 g.), added to 52 g. 2,4-H₂N(EtO₂CNH)C₆H₃C₆H₄NHCO₂Et-4 (I) in 75 mL. C₅H₅N and heated 15 min. on the steam bath, gives 63 g. 2-cyclohexylcarbonylamino-4, 4′-bis(carbethoxyamino)-biphenyl (II), m. 184-5°. II (63 g.) and 63 mL. POCl₃, heated 45 min. at 130°, give 55 g. 3,8-bis(carbethoxyamino)-6-cyclohexylphenanthridine (III) (C.A. numbering), m. 233-4°; 2 g. III in 15 mL. PhNO₂, treated 10 min. at 170° with 1.2 mL. Me₂SO₄, yielded the H sulfate, yellow, m. 227-8° (decomposition), but not a quaternary salt (probably because of steric hindrance). I (12 g.) in 130 mL. PhCl, treated with 5.5 g. PhCH₂COCl and refluxed 30 min., gives 15.1 g. of the 2-phenylacetamido analog (IV) of II, m. 204-5°; 13.2 g. IV and 40 mL. POCl₃, refluxed 1 h., give 11.4 g. of the 6-benzyl analog (V) of III, m. 259° (decomposition); 10 g. V in 80 mL. PhNO₂ at 170°, treated with 10 mL. Me₂SO₄, heated 3 min. at 160-5°, and 2 N HCl added to the precipitate in H₂O, gives 7.2 g. of the methochloride (VI), bright yellow, m. 254° (decomposition); 7.9 g. VI, 28 mL. concentrated H₂SO₄, and 24 mL. H₂O, heated about 30 min. at 150°, give 5.8 g. 3,8-diamino-6-benzyl-5-methylphenanthridinium bromide, purple, m. 250-2°, highly trypanocidal (Trypanosoma congolense), although less effective than dimidium bromide (VII). I (70.5 g.) and 30 g. 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride in 300 mL. PhNO₂, heated 2 h. at 150° and left overnight, give 79 g. 2-(2-thenoylamino)-4,4′-bis(carbethoxyamino)biphenyl (VIII), m. 197-8°; 79 mg. VIII and 80 mL. POCl₃, heated 75 min. at 130-5°, give 35 g. of the 6-(2-thienyl) analog of III, pale yellow, m. 229-30° (decomposition), purified through the HCl salt; the methochloride (IX), orange, m. 239° (decomposition); hydrolysis of 11.5 g. IX with H₂SO₄ at 135-40° gives 5.6 g. 3, 8-diamino-6-(2-thienyl)-5-methylphenanthridinium bromide, deep purple, m. 256° (decomposition); this is a more effective trypanocide than VII. I (75 g.) and 39 g. 5-nitro-2-furoyl chloride in 150 mL. C₅H₅N give 95 g. of the 3-(5-nitro-2-furoylamino) analog (X) of II, yellow brown, m. 223-5°; 95 g. X yields 15.5 g. of the 6-(5-nitro-2-furyl) analog of III, with C₅H₅N of crystallization (lost at 125°), yellow-brown, m. 286-8° (decomposition); attempts to form quaternary salts caused profound decomposition I (27.5 g.) yields 27 g. of the 3-(3-pyridyl-carbonylamino) analog (XI) of II, m. 228-9° (decomposition) [methiodide, m. 162° (decomposition)]. XI (46 g.), 46 mL. POCl₃, and 46 mL. PhNO₂, heated 1 h. at 130°, give 9 g. of the 6-(3-pyridyl) analog (XII) of III, m. 196-8° (decomposition). XII (10.6 g.), 11 mL. MeI, and 50 mL. dioxane, refluxed 1 h. and the resulting gum in 250 mL. hot H₂O containing a little AcOH treated with 2-C₁₀H₇SO₃H, give 9.9 g. of the 1′-(metho-2-naphthalenesulfonate) 5-(2-naphthalenesulfonate), m. 228-9° (decomposition); boiled with aqueous AcONa it yields the 1′-(metho-2-naphthalenesulfonate), yellow, m. 142° (decomposition); this is probably the pyridinium salt and not the phenanthridinium salt. Attempts to hydrolyze the urethane groups did not lead to crystalline products. I (24 g.) yields 21.5 g. of the 3-(5,6-dihydro-3-pyranylcarbonylamino) analog of II, m. 186-8°; this affords 15% of the 6-(5,6-dihydro-3-pyranyl) analog of III, m. 215-16° [(methochloride, yellow, m. 260° (decomposition)]; this could not be hydrolyzed without attack of the dihydropyran ring. I (69 g.) and 42 g. 4-O₂N-C₆H₄COCl in 280 mL. PhNO₂, heated 30 min. at 150°, give 84 g. 2-(p-nitrobenzamido)-4,4′-bis(carbethoxyamino)-biphenyl (XIII), yellow, m. 202°; 80 g. XIII with POCl₃ gives 46 g. 3,8-bis(carbethoxyamino)-6-(p-nitrophenyl)-phenanthridine (XIV), yellow, m. about 247° (decomposition). XIV (82 g.) and 70 mL. Me₂SO₄ in 500 mL. PhNO₂ give 96 g. 3,8-bis(carbethoxyamino)-6-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-methylphenanthridinium Me sulfate, orange, m. about 240-1° (decomposition); hydrolysis with H₂SO₄ (d. 1.66) (30 min. at 125-30°) gives 51.5 g. 3, 8-diamino-6-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-methylphenanthridinium chloride (XV), dark purple, m. about 235° (decomposition). XV (5 g.) in 50 mL. AcOH, heated 30 min. on the steam bath with 10 mL. Ac₂O, gives 4.7 g. of the di-Ac derivative (XVI), orange, m. above 300°. Reduction of XVI with Fe and H₂O was unsatisfactory; however, a 30% excess of Fe(OH)₂ (30 min. on the water bath) gives a nearly quant. yield of the 6-(p-aminophenyl) analog (XVII) of XVI, yellow, m. about 280-1° (decomposition); 6.05 g. XVII and 60 mL. 2 N HCl, refluxed 1 h., give 4.7 g. 3,8-diamino-6-(p-aminophenyl)-5-methylphenanthridinium chloride (XVIII), dark red, m. about 240° (decomposition); reduction of 30.5 g. XV with Fe(OH)₂ gives 26.2 g. XVIII. 2,4-H₂N(O₂N) C₆H₃-C₆H₄NO₂-4 and 4-O₂NC₆H₄COCl in boiling PhNO₂ give a nearly quant. yield of 3-(p-nitrobenzamido)-1,4′-dinitrobiphenyl, yellow, m. 234°; with POCl₃ in PhNO₂ there results a nearly quant. yield of 3,8-dinitro-6-(p-nitrophenyl)phenanthridine (XIX), cream, m. 356-8°; it does not yield quaternary salts; 5 g. XIX in 125 mL. EtOH, treated with 25 mL. concentrated HCl and 30 g. SnCl₂2H₂O and refluxed 2 h., gives 3, 8-diamino-6-(p-amino-phenyl)phenanthridine, yellow, m. 246°, devoid of trypanocidal activity; the tri-Ac derivative (cream, m. 312°) with Me₂SO₄ in PhNO₂ at 180° gives a rather poor yield of 3,4′, 8-triacetamido-6-phenyl-5-methylphenanthridinium sulfate, orange, m. 248° (decomposition); hydrolysis with 10% MeOH-HCl gives XVIII. Both XV and XVIII are highly trypanocidal, the former being at least equal to VII in T. congolense infections in mice and dogs and the latter markedly more active and somewhat less (acutely) toxic. XVIII is also highly active in T. rhodesiense infections in mice; in this respect it much exceeds any other phenanthridinium compound yet investigated, being as active as pentamidine although more toxic. 2-(p-Methoxybenzamido)-4,4′-bis(carbethoxyamino)biphenyl (m. about 100-5°) yields 3,8-bis (carbethoxyamino)-6-(p-methoxyphenyl) phenanthridine, m. 190-2° (decomposition); methosulfate, deep yellow, m. about 230° (decomposition); the hydrolysis product could not be obtained crystalline, probably because of simultaneous hydrolysis of the MeO group. 3,8-Diamino-6-phenylphenanthridine (10 g.) and 18 g. anhydrous Na₂CO₃, refluxed 8 h. in 100 mL. MeOH, 24 mL. H₂O, and 30 mL. MeI, give 14 g. 6-phenylphenanthridine-3,8-bis(trimethyl-ammonium iodide), m. 255° (decomposition); heated 30 min. at 180°, it yields 3, 8-bis(dimethylamino)-6-phenyl-5-methylphenanthridinium iodide, black, m. 260-2° (decomposition); the corresponding bromide is purple and possesses the high antibacterial activity in vitro characteristic of phenanthridinium salts, but both salts are practically inactive against trypanosomes. This suggests that H bonding, or some other reaction between drug and substrate not possible with a tertiary amine, is associated with the trypanocidal action of VII and its analogs.

Journal of the Chemical Society published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C6H8O6, Safety of Dimidium bromide.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Zhai, Lipeng published the artcileCationic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Fabricating an Efficient Triboelectric Nanogenerator, SDS of cas: 518-67-2, the publication is ACS Materials Letters (2020), 2(12), 1691-1697, database is CAplus.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have developed as a precisely tailor-made platform for integrating different functionalities into the frameworks via reticular chem. In this work, two COFs with a similar topol. and skeleton but different charge state over the skeleton are designed and applied to clarify the contributions of cationic groups to the output performance of a triboelec. nanogenerator (TENG). The cationic functional centers are distributed alternately over both sides of the pore channels. The cationic COF possesses unconventional electrostatic functions due to the ionic interface over the skeletons. The output performance of a cationic COF decorated with an elec.-dipole-based TENG is improved by a 2-fold contrast to the neutral analog. Moreover, a cationic COF-based TENG is further employed to charge com. capacitors (0.1 F), light up light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and power a stopwatch. This work illustrates the facile construction of a cationic COF and its application in fabricating a TENG, generating an ecofriendly and excellent-performance energy harvesting and self-powered device.

ACS Materials Letters published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C5H10Cl3O3P, SDS of cas: 518-67-2.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary

Steytler, David C. published the artcileMechanisms of Solute Interfacial Transfer in Winsor-II Systems, Category: bromides-buliding-blocks, the publication is Langmuir (2001), 17(2), 417-426, database is CAplus.

The forward transfer kinetics of a water-soluble cationic dye (dimidium) across the planar interface from a conjugate aqueous phase to a water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion phase (formed using the anionic surfactant Aerosol-OT) have been investigated by means of a rotating diffusion cell. By measurement of the solute flux as a function of rotation speed of the diffusion cell membrane, the influence of mass transport effects to and from the interface could be controlled and eliminated by extrapolation to infinite rotation speed. The rate of forward transfer was linearly proportional to the concentration of solute in the aqueous phase; i.e., it was not possible to saturate the aqueous side of the interface. The rate, however, was found to reach a limiting value on increasing the concentration of nano water droplets in the microemulsion phase. This is explained by a transport model in which the dye initially partitions to the aqueous side of the interface; it then enters the organic phase inside a forming water droplet. The rate of back transfer of H⁺ from a microemulsion droplet phase into a coexisting water phase has also been studied as a function of droplet concentration and temperature These results extend previous measurements on the same system. It is shown that enthalpy-entropy compensation effects operate for the rate-determining step. In the proposed model for defining dynamics of interface transfer from or to an aqueous phase in Winsor-II systems, the rate-determining step is the same for forward and back transfer and is concerned with droplet coalescence with the interface.

Langmuir published new progress about 518-67-2. 518-67-2 belongs to bromides-buliding-blocks, auxiliary class Other Aromatic Heterocyclic,Salt,Amine,Benzene, name is Dimidium bromide, and the molecular formula is C15H21BO3, Category: bromides-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromide,
bromide – Wiktionary