In 2019,Journal of the American Chemical Society included an article by Huang, Liangbin; Ackerman, Laura K. G.; Kang, Kai; Parsons, Astrid M.; Weix, Daniel J.. Quality Control of Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate. The article was titled 《LiCl-Accelerated Multimetallic Cross-Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Aryl Triflates》. The information in the text is summarized as follows:
While the synthesis of biaryls has advanced rapidly in the past decades, cross-Ullman couplings of aryl chlorides, the most abundant aryl electrophiles, have remained elusive. Reported here is a general cross-Ullman coupling of aryl chlorides with aryl triflates. The selectivity challenge associated with coupling an inert electrophile with a reactive one is overcome using a multimetallic strategy with the appropriate choice of additive. Studies demonstrate that LiCl is essential for effective cross-coupling by accelerating the reduction of Ni(II) to Ni(0) and counteracting autoinhibition of reduction at Zn(0) by Zn(II) salts. The modified conditions tolerate a variety of functional groups on either coupling partner (42 examples), and examples include a three-step synthesis of flurbiprofen. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate(cas: 2969-81-5Quality Control of Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate)
Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate(cas: 2969-81-5) belongs to bromides. Most organobromine compounds, like most organohalide compounds, are relatively nonpolar. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon (2.9 vs 2.5). Consequently, the carbon in a carbon–bromine bond is electrophilic, i.e. alkyl bromides are alkylating agents.Quality Control of Ethyl 4-bromobutyrate
Referemce:
Bromide – Wikipedia,
bromide – Wiktionary